I was having some trouble getting Matlab to play nicely with the Unity launcher
in Ubuntu. It seems as though Matlab requires you to pass the -desktop flag
on Linux. The default behaviour seems to be something along the lines of show
the splash screen and then close. Therefore, in order to make the launcher work 
properly, I proceeded as follows:
- Install Matlab as per it's instructions
 - Add 
/usr/local/MATLAB/R2014a/bintoPATH - Launch 
matlabin a terminal - Right click Matlab in the launcher and choose 
Lock To Launcher - Close Matlab, a launcher icon should stay (though it won't work properly)
 - Edit the file 
~/.local/share/applications/com-mathworks-util-postvminit.desktop - Add 
-desktopto the end of the lineExec=/usr/local/MATLAB/R2014a/bin/glnxa64/MATLAB -desktop 
Note that these instructions should work for any version of Matlab (just change the path appropriately).
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